SPECIFIED COURSE OBJECTIVES for ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY:
The advanced biology course will provide students with a knowledge and understanding of:
1. How the progression of structural levels (atoms, molecules, compounds, cells, tissues, organs, and systems) contributes to the body's order and stability.
2. The precise and logical descriptive word roots, prefixes, & suffixes used to identify body parts and directional terms.
3. The structure, function and reproduction of cells.
4. The essentials of body chemistry.
5. How all parts of the human body contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis.
6. How the integumentary system, skeletal system and muscular system each function in protection, support and movement.
7. How the cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system and immune system each function in the distribution of materials and contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis
8. How the nervous system (central, peripheral & autonomic), organs of sensation and endocrine system each contribute to the regulatory control, integrative communication and systemic coordination within the human body.
9. How the reproductive system, genetics, and aging process each contribute to the reproduction, growth and development of a human body.
10. Basic Health Concepts regarding: drugs & alcohol, HIV infection and other transmittable diseases.
SPECIFIED OUTLINE OF COURSE CONTENT
UNIT 1: How the Body is Organized
Unit Content
A] Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
1] Characteristics of Humans
2] Anatomical Terminology
a. Planes of Reference
b. Directional Terms
c. Regions
d. Cavities
B] Essentials of Body Chemistry
1] Molecules & Compounds
2] Chemical Bonds & Reactions
3] Water
4] Acids, Bases, Salts & Buffers
5] Important Organic Compounds
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Nucleic Acids
C] Structural Levels of Organization
1] Cells
a. Structure
1. nucleus
2. cytoplasm
3. organelles
2] Tissues: Classifications, characteristic features, functions and
locations
a. Epithelial
b. Connective
c. Muscle*
d. Nervous*
3] Organ Systems
a. Overview
b. Coordination and interdependence
UNIT 2: Protection, Support and Movement
Unit Content
A] Integumentary System
1. Skin
2. Glands
3. Hair & Nails
B] Skeletal System
1. Bones & Bone Tissue
a. Types of Bone
1. classifications
2. anatomy of typical bone
b. Tissue Types
1. compact
2. spongy
c. Formation
d. Growth & Repair
2. Axial Skeleton
a. Skull
b. Vertebral Column
c. Thorax
3. Appendicular Skeleton
a. Upper Extremity
b. Lower Extremity
4. Articulations & Movement
a. Classifications
1. fibrous
2. cartilaginous
3. synovial
b. Descriptive Terminology of Movement
C] Muscular System
1. Muscle Tissue
a. Structure & Organization
b. Contraction
1. physiology
2. types
c. Types
1. smooth
2. cardiac
3. skeletal
2. Muscles
a. Attachment and Lever Action
1. origin and insertions
2. review of movement terminology
b. Principle Muscles
1. upper extremity
2. lower extremity
3. face
4. axial (head, spine, thorax, abdomen)
UNIT 3: Transport and Maintenance
Unit Content
A] Cardiovascular System
1. Blood
2. Heart
a. Structural Anatomy
b. Cardiac Cycle
3. Blood Vessels
a. Arteries
b. Veins
c. Capillaries
4. Pathways of Circulation
a. Pulmonary
b. Systemic
B] Lymphatic System (OPTIONAL)
1. Lymph
2. Pathways of Circulations
3. Components of Lymphatic Circulation
C] Immune System (OPTIONAL)
1. Nonspecific Defenses
2. Specific Defences
3. Allergies
4. Immunodeficiency
D] Respiratory System
1. Components of the Respiratory Tract
2. Mechanisms of Breathing
a. Lung Volumes & Capacities
b. External Respiration
c. Internal Respiration
3. Transport of Gases
a. Oxygen
b. Carbon dioxide
E] Digestive System
1. Components of the Digestive Tract
2. Mechanisms of Digestion
a. Mechanical
b. Chemical
3. Metabolism & Nutrition
a. Carbohydrates
b. Lipids
c. Proteins
d. Vitamins & Minerals
F] Urinary System
1. Components of the Urinary System
2. Special Functions of the Kidneys
a. Filtration
b. Reabsorption
c. Blood Volume
d. pH Balance
3. Urine Formation & Excretion
G] Homeostasis & Regulation
1. Regulation of Fluids, Electrolytes & Acid-Base Balance
2. Regulation of Temperature
UNIT 4: Regulatory Control, Communication and Coordination
Unit Content
A] Nervous Tissue
1. Structure & Organization
2. Impulse Transmission
a. Neurotransmitters
b. Circuits
B] Central Nervous System
1. Brain
a. Components
b. Functions
2. Spinal Cord
a. Basic Anatomy
b. Pathways of Transmission
1. somatic
2. reflex arc
C] Peripheral Nervous System
1. Somatic (Skeletal Muscle Innervation)
a. Afferent (Sensory)
b. Efferent (Motor)
2. Visceral (Afferent Smooth Muscle Innervation)
3. Distribution of Cranial & Spinal Nerves
a. 12 pairs cranial
b. 31 pairs spinal
4. Autonomic Nervous System -
a. Divisions
1. Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)
2. Parasympathetic (Relaxed state)
b. CNS control centers
1. Brainstem & Spinal Cord
2. Hypothalamus
3. Limbic System - Emotions
c. Peripheral
1. Visceral Reflex Arc (Smooth Muscle Innervation)
2. Cardiac
3. Glands
E] Sensation
1. General Senses
a. Pressure
b. Touch
c. Pain
2. Taste
a. Structural Components
b. Mechanisms of Taste Sensation
3. Smell
a. Structural Components
b. Mechanisms of Odor Sensation
4. Hearing & Balance
a. Structural Components
b. Mechanisms of Hearing
c. Equilibrium
5. Vision
a. Structural Components
b. Mechanisms of Vision
F] Endocrine System
1. Hormones - biochemistry
2. Components of System - sources of hormones
3. Mechanisms of Feedback & Control
UNIT 5: Reproduction and Development
Unit Content
A] Reproductive System
1. Male Components
2. Female Components
3. Reproduction
a. Meiosis
b. Conception
c. Contraception & Infertility
d. Pregnancy & Embryonic/Fetal Development
e. Child Birth
B] Human Growth & Development
1. Post-Natal Life Cycle
2. Inheritance
a. Chromosomes
b. Basic Genetics
3. Affects of Aging of Body Systems
*** UNIT 6: Health Issues ***
These concepts are incorporated into Units 3 and 4 where relevant.
Unit Content
A] Infectious Diseases and the Immune System
1. Pathogens and Disease Transmission
2. Immune System
a. nonspecific defenses
b. specific defenses
c. immune disorders
3. HIV & AIDS
a. cause & viral action
b. transmission
c. risk & prevention
B] Tobacco, Drugs & Alcohol
1. Tobacco
a. effects of tobacco
2. Alcohol
a. effects of alcohol
3. Narcotics & Psychoactive Drugs
a. effects
b. addiction
c. prescription drugs
PLAN FOR PERIODIC STUDENT ASSESSMENT
Assessment procedures must be appropriate to student's needs and developmental levels as well as course goals and objectives. Procedures will include but are not limited to the following:
A. In-class assignments and homework
1. Textbook work: Section Review, Vocab Skills, Crosswords, etc.
2. Supplemental or Enhancement work: Study Guides, Concept Mappings, Diagrams,Enrichment Exercises, etc.
3. Video Viewing Questions
B. Quizzes
1. Vocabulary
2. Concepts
3. Laboratory
C. Portfolio
1. System Diagrams
2. Reference Diagrams
3. Supplemental Reference Materials
D. Laboratory work
1. Safety Skills
2. Use of Equipment
a. General
b. Dissection
3. Interpretation of data: analysis & graphic representation
4. Formal lab reports
5. Cooperation and shared responsibility
E. Testing
1. Teacher made chapter tests
2. Teacher made unit tests
3. Practical application tests
4. Laboratory tests
5. Semester Tests
6. Alternative assessments
SPECIFIED STANDARDS FOR PASSING
All written work, laboratory work, portfolio materials, and tests will be assigned point values based on the amount of work each requires. Students must achieve at least 60% of the total points possible in order to receive a passing grade.
98% - 100% = A+ 87% - 89% = B+ 77% - 79% = C+
94% - 97% = A 84% - 86% = B 74% - 76% = C
90% - 93% = A- 80% - 83% = B- 70% - 73% = C-
67% - 69% = D+
64% - 66% = D
60% - 63% = D-
COURSE PRESENTATION AND LEARNING APPROACH
Basic format for presentation is as follows
1. Introduction to the topic: Reading and Relevant terminology
2. Concept development: Class discussion, Demonstrations, Videos, Guest speakers, Field trips
3. Reinforcement and Closure Activity: Comprehensive dissections, Exploratory labs, Practical application labs, Supplemental reinforcements
4. Identification of Student Learning: Class discussion, Written assessmenst, Laboratory identification assessments
Emphasis is on student learning with the teacher acting as a facilitator who guides the learning process rather than teaching the information.